The bear family (Ursidae) includes eight species: sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), Asiatic black bear (Ursus tibethanus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus), American black bear (Ursus americanus), brown bear (Ursus arctos) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). The smallest can weigh 25 kg (25-63 kg, sun bear), and individuals of the largest species can almost reach a ton (polar bear). All of them have impressive manual skills and some have exceptional physiology, exceeding seasonality of breeding and foraging. Temperate bear species (brown bear, American black bear and Asiatic black bear) hibernate. Hibernation can last for several weeks to months. A hibernating bear does not excrete, its body gradually consumes fat reserves accumulated during the period called hyperphagia that precedes hibernation. Species of extreme climate zones, e.g., polar bear and sun bear, do not hibernate. The most important sense is smell, and it is scent signaling that their extremely interesting chemical communication system is based on. Brown bears leave scent marks by three-rubbing, but also by pedal marking (twisting their paws into the ground creating holes). We wrote about this in one of our publications https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01136-1
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